Acids Bases And Buffers

Assess and treat calf diarrhea

Geof Smith, DVM, MS, PhD, Dipl. ACVIM, North Carolina State University, says we see some diarrhea in young calves (around 5 days of age) but it seems like the majority of cases are 7–14 days of age. “There’s a magic window for diarrhea on many dairy farms right around day 8–10,” he says. “You can have diarrhea in older calves — but once we make it past 2 weeks — most farms seem to do okay.” (see “Treatment decision tree,” under Practice tips.)

The most accurate methods for assessment of dehydration in calves are eyeball recession into the orbit and skin tent duration in the neck region. Smith says to gently evert the lower eyelid and estimate the recession of the globe into the orbit. Skin elasticity is best measured on the lateral side of the midcervical area by pinching a fold of skin, rotating it 90°, and measuring the time for the skinfold to disappear.

Smith adds all other methods of assessment are inferior to these two methods. Those methods include things like mucous membrane color or dryness (how they feel), capillary refill time and packed cell volume (PCV). “These are things commonly used in horses and small animals but don’t seem to work well in calves,” he explains. The best laboratory test is change in plasma protein concentration, which he says is better than hematocrit.

Based on physical exam (eyeball position, depression score) most of the time Smith will go ahead and give oral fluids. “To do lab work you’re going to have to draw blood, drive back to the clinic, run the lab test and then head back out to the farm,” he says. “The main exception is folks that do a lot of haul-in work at their clinic; then lab work is fairly easy to do quickly.” He says a total protein value at a practice is pretty easy to get by spinning down blood and using a refractometer. “But not too many ambulatory vets have a centrifuge in the back of their trucks.

Latest Syllabus & Sample Papers for Various Board Exams and ...

Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Cyclic analogs, Dienes, Benzene, Polynuclear aromatic compounds, Arenes, Alkyl halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols, Aldehydes and ketones, Carboxylic acids, Functional derivatives of' carboxylic acids, a,ß-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds, Reactive intermediates- carbocations, carbanions, carbenes and nitrenes; Vitamins as co-enzymes and their significance. Metals as cofactors and their significance; Carbohydrate Metabolism: Conversion of polysaccharides to glucose-1-phosphate, Glycolysis, fermentation and their regulation, Gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis, Metabolism of galactose and galactosemia, Role of sugar nucleotides in biosynthesis, and Pentose phosphate pathway; Oxidation of fatty acids, ß-oxidation & energetics, biosynthesis of ketone bodies and their utilization, biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, Control of lipid metabolism, Essential fatty acids & eicosanoids (prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leukotrienes), phospholipids, and sphingolipids, Biosynthesis of eicosanoids, cholesterol, androgens, progesterone, estrogens corticosteroids and bile acids; Acid base concepts, Role of solvents, Relative strengths of acids and bases, Ionization, Law of mass action, Common ion effect, Ionic product of water, pH, Hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hasselbach equation, Buffer solutions, Neutralization curves, Acid-base indicators, Theory of indicators, Choice of indicators, Mixed indicators, Polyprotic systems, Polyamine and amino acid systems, Amino acid titrations; Concepts of oxidation and reduction, Redox reactions, Strengths and equivalent weights of oxidizing and reducing agents, Theory of redox titrations, Redox indicators, Cell representations, Measurement of electrode potential, Oxidation-reduction curves, Iodimetry and Iodometry, Titrations involving cerric ammonium sulphate, potassium iodate, potassium bromate, potassium permanganate; titanous chloride, stannous chloride and Sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol; Precipitation reactions, Solubility product, Effect of acids, temperature and solvent upon the solubility of a precipitate, Argentometric titrations and titrations involving ammonium or potassium thiocyanate, mercuric nitrate, and barium sulphate, indicators, Methods of end point determination (GayLussac method, Mohr’s method, Volhard's method and Fajan's method).

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